esophageal motility disorders การใช้

• Esophageal achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter ( LES ).
• It is caused by rhinitis, sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ), or by a disorder of swallowing ( such as an esophageal motility disorder ).
• ""'Spastic motility disorders " "'include diffuse esophageal spasm ( DES ), nutcracker esophagus, hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, and nonspecific spastic esophageal motility disorders ( NEMD ).